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چکیده
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Preface This book looks at some of the writing that has come out of the diverse and intricate postcolonial societies that were formerly a part of the British Empire throughout the past century. It aims to explore the authors and texts, but it also poses issues about how they have been conceptualized within the framework of postcolonial studies. It also considers the various interpretations that postcolonial literature may take on in various situations. More than 80% of the world's regions and populations were ruled by European states in the early 20th century. The British Empire, which controlled the majority of the territories in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, the Caribbean, Australasia, and the Pacific, was the largest and most powerful of these. It claimed as its subjects close to 600 million people, or almost a quarter of the world's population. Nearly all of those areas have now developed into sovereign states, fifty-three of which make up the "British" Commonwealth. Several former colonies, including Burma, Egypt, Ireland, and Iraq, chose not to join this voluntary association when they attained independence. All of these regions have a history of cultural colonialism to some extent, including the encroachment of the English language, British educational, governmental, and religious institutions, as well as social and economic interactions and frameworks. The writers begin by introducing Homi K. Bhabha and his hybridity, mimicry, liminality, stereotype, cultural difference, and unhomeliness, as well as Edward Said and his orientalism, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's subaltern, culture, third-world women, and ethnicity. Using the concepts Negro-Americans as subalterns, subalterns' longing for freedom, inferiority complex of subalterns, strategic essentialism, feeling of otherness, and black identity, the authors elaborate Alex Haley's Roots in chapter two. The application of Eugene O'Neill's All God's Chillun Got Wings in chapter three will be centered on Jim serving as a stand-in for oppressed black people or subalterns, ideology and identity, can the subaltern speak?, ideology and cultural identity, and the master/slave relation. Nadine Gordimer's July's People, based on othering and identity, and Nadine Gordimer's The Pickup, based on identification, will be examined in chapters four and five, respectively. Chapters six and seven will concentrate on the themes of hybridity and the uncanny/unhomely in Elif Shafak's Honor and The Bastard of Istanbul, respectively. The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khalid Hosseini will be discussed in detail in chapters eight and nine based on postcolonial Feminism, and Migration. The novels Roots, July, Honor, The Kite Runner, and A Thousand Splendid Suns will be examined in light of the study's findings and conclusions. For graduate and post-graduate students of Persian and English literature, as well as those studying language translation and language teaching, this book was written. Additionally, it gives students the chance to learn about the technical aspects of post-colonial literature and criticism as well as well-known post-colonial critics, which motivates them to conduct further research in various literary fields. This goes beyond just encouraging students to read English-language texts. The authors hope that they have made an impactful and quick move in this field by dedicating this book to outstanding teachers of English and Persian literature, as well as students and other explorers of the path of science. Obviously, there are errors in this book. The authors would be very appreciative if readers would assist them by offering their insightful suggestions for raising the book's caliber. We would like to thank all of our friends and colleagues who contributed to the writing of this book. I appreciate you reading this book, and I hope you enjoy it.
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