In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), hole transporting materials (HTMs) play a critical role in determining the stability and efficiency of the devices. However, the high cost and complex synthesis processes associated with conventional HTMs can hinder their widespread applications. This work presents a lowcost and efficient HTM, namely N,N0-(naphthalene-1,5-diyl)bis(1-(dibenzo[a,c]phenazin-11-yl)-1- phenylmethanimine) (PEDN), based on a naphthalene core with an extended p-conjugation system for improving the performance of PSCs. The PEDN was synthesized via a facile two-step condensation method, eliminating the need for expensive catalysts such as BINAP. The newly developed HTM with an extended p-conjugation length was compared with BEDN and spiro-OMeTAD as the benchmark HTM, in terms of their optical, electrochemical, hole mobility properties, and efficiency in PSCs. The PEDN showed suitable highest occupied molecular orbital levels (HOMOs), good hole mobilities, as well as strong hydrophobicities. The extended p-conjugation system in PEDN contributes to the stability of the solar cells. The PSCs fabricated with PEDN achieved a high efficiency of 18.61%, comparable to the efficiency obtained using the commonly used HTM spiro-OMeTAD (19.68%). Furthermore, the costeffectiveness of PEDN makes it a suitable alternative to spiro-OMeTAD for PSC applications.
