In this paper, we delve into the study of thermodynamics and phase transition of charged Gauss–Bonnet black holes within the context of anti-de Sitter space, with particular emphasis on the central charge’s role within the dual conformal field theory (CFT). We employ a holographic methodology that interprets the cosmological constant and theNewton constant as thermodynamic variables, leading to the derivation of a modified first law of thermodynamics that incorporates the thermodynamic volume and pressure. Our findings reveal that the central charge of the CFT is intrinsically linked to the variation of these constants, and its stability can be ensured by simultaneous adjustment of these constants.We further explore the phase structures of the black holes, utilizing the free energy. Our research uncovers the existence of a critical value of the central charge, beyond which the phase diagram displays a first-order phase transition between small and large black holes.We also delve into the implications of our findings on the complexity of the CFT. Our conclusions underscore the significant role of the central charge in the holographic thermodynamics and phase transition of charged Gauss–Bonnet black holes. Furthermore, we conclude that while the central charge considered provides suitable and satisfactory solutions for this black hole in 4 and 5 dimensions, it becomes necessary to introduce a unique central charge for this structure of modified gravity. In essence, the central charge in holographic thermodynamics is not a universal value and requires modification in accordance with dif
