Despite the advances in digital technology, paper is one of the most widely used man-made products. The research shows that physical and chemical surface modification of natural fibers can improve the efficiency of these plant biomass in paper and nanopaper production. This chapter presents extensive research on modification techniques on plant biomass surfaces associated with various cold plasma treatments. First, nanofibers were formed using wood cells and bacterial nanocellulose fibers as well as nanochitin fiber hydrogels, and then, a nanopaper was made from each of these three types of biomass. Next, modification of nanopaper by cold plasma as a case study reviewed and a real example of nanopaper samples including the morphological, physical (thickness, density, water content, water solubility, water vapor permeability, and paper surface color), and mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, and elastic modulus) of nanopapers was discussed and compared with the control sample. Finally, the chapter concludes with a proposal of doing future research studies concerning the impact of cold plasma technology on some important properties of nanopaper products, that is, resistance to biological agents, fire, environmental conditions, and so on.
